Originally created at Bell Labs by
Dennis Ritchie, C (/si:/, as in
the letter c) is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language
supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, while a static
type system prevents unintended operations. By design, C provides
constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions and has found lasting use
in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such applications include
operating systems and various application software for computers, from supercomputers to
embedded systems.
A successor to the programming language B,
C was originally developed to construct utilities running on
Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system.
During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of
the most widely used programming languages, with C compilers available
for practically all modern computer architectures and operating systems. The book
The C Programming Language, co-authored by the original
language designer, served for many years as the de facto standard for the
language. C has been standardized since 1989 by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and, subsequently, jointly by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
International Electrotechnical commission (IEC).
Source: wikipedia.org
Created by Guido van Rossum, Python is an
interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Python's
design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of significant
whitespace. Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help programmers
write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects.
Python is dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple
programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming.
Python is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its
comprehensive standard library.
Python was conceived in the late
1980s as a successor to the ABC language. Python 2.0, released
in 2000, introduced features like list comprehensions and a garbage collection system
capable of collecting reference cycles. Python 3.0, released in 2008,
was a major revision of the language that is not completely backward-compatible, and much
Python 2 code does not run unmodified on Python 3.
Source: wikipedia.org
Originally developed by James Gosling at
Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle),
Java is a general-purpose programming language that is class-based,
object-oriented, and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It
is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere (WORA),
meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support
Java without the need for recompilation.
Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can
run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer
architecture. The syntax of Java is similar to
C and C++, but
it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime
provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code modification) that are
typically not available in traditional compiled languages. Java was the
third most popular programming language in 2022 according to GitHub.
As of
March 2024, Java 22 is the latest version (previous LTS
versions 8, 11, 17, and 21 are still officially supported).
Source: wikipedia.org
Designed by Brendan Eich of Netscape,
JavaScript (often abbreviated as JS) is a programming
language and core technology of the Web, alongside HTML and CSS. 99% of
websites use it on the client side for webpage behavior.
Web browsers have
a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes the client code.
These engines are also utilized in some servers and a variety of apps. The most popular
runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js.
JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time compiled
language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic typing,
prototype-based object-orientation, and first class functions. It is multi-paradigm,
supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has
application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular
expressions, standard data structures, and the
Document Object Model (DOM).
The ECMAScript standard does not include any
input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities. In practice, the
web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O.
Although
Java and
JavaScript are similar in name, syntax, and respective standard
libraries, the two languages are distinct and differ greatly in design.
Source: wikipedia.org