Originally created at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie, C
(/si:/, as in the letter c) is a general-purpose, procedural computer programming language
supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, while a static type system prevents
unintended operations. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical
machine instructions and has found lasting use in applications previously coded in assembly language. Such
applications include operating systems and various application software for computers, from supercomputers to
embedded systems.
A successor to the programming language B, C was originally
developed to construct utilities runing on Unix. It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the
Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of
the most widely used programming languages, with C compilers available for practically all
modern computer architectures and operating systems. The book The C Programming
Language, co-authored by the original language designer, served for many years as the de facto
standard for the language. C has been standarized since 1989 by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) and, subsequently, jointly by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commision (IEC).
Source: wikipedia.org
Created by Guido van Rossum, Python is an interpreted, high-level,
general-purpose programming language. Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with
its notable use of significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-oriented approach aim to help
programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects.
Python is
dynamically typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural,
object-oriented, and functional programming. Python is often described as a "batteries included"
language due to its comprehensive standard library.
Python was conceived in the late 1980s
as a successor to the ABC language. Python 2.0, released in 2000, introduced features
like list comprehensions and a garbage collection system capable of collecting reference cycles. Python
3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision of the language that is not completely backward-compatible,
and much Python 2 code does not run unmodified on Python 3.
Source: wikipedia.org
Originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has
since been acquired by Oracle), Java is a general-purpose programming language
that is class-based, object-oriented, and designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
It is intended to let application developers write once, run anywhere (WORA), meaning that compiled
Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for
recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run
on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of the underlying computer architecture. The syntax of
Java is similar to C and
C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The Java runtime
provides dynamic capabilities (such as reflection and runtime code modification) thet are typically not
available in traditional compiled languages. Java was the third most popular programming
language in 2022 according to GitHub.
As of March 2024, Java 22 is
the latest version (previous LTS versions 8, 11, 17, and 21 are still officially supported).
Source: wikipedia.org
Designed by Brendan Eich of Netscape, JavaScript
(often abbreviated as JS) is a programming language and core technology of the Web,
alongside HTML and CSS. 99% of websites use it on the client side for webpage
behavior.
Web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine that executes
the client code. These engines are also utilized in some servers and a variety of apps. The most popular
runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js. JavaScript is a
high-level, often just-in-time compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript
standard. It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and first class functions. It is
multi-paradigm, supporting event-driven, functional, and imperative programming styles. It has
application programming interfaces (APIs) for working with text, dates, regular expressions,
standard data structures, and the Document Object Model (DOM).
The ECMAScript standard does
not include any input/output (I/O), such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities. In practice, the
web browser or other runtime system provides JavaScript APIs for I/O.
Although
Java and JavaScript
are similar in name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the two languages are distinct and differ
greatly in design.
Source: wikipedia.org